Computer Programs
CCC-0467 ITS-3.0.
last modified: 05-FEB-1996 | catalog | categories | new | search |

CCC-0467 ITS-3.0.

ITS-3.0, Integrated TIGER Series of Coupled Electron-Photon Monte Carlo Codes.

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1. NAME OR DESIGNATION OF PROGRAM:  ITS-3.0.
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2. COMPUTERS

To submit a request, click below on the link of the version you wish to order. Rules for end-users are available here.

Program name Package id Status Status date
ITS-3.0 CCC-0467/09 Tested 05-FEB-1996

Machines used:

Package ID Orig. computer Test computer
CCC-0467/09 PC-80486 PC Pentium 75
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3. DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM OR FUNCTION

ITS permits a state-of-the-art  Monte Carlo solution of linear time-integrated coupled electron/ photon radiation transport problems with or without the presence of  macroscopic electric and magnetic fields of arbitrary spatial dependence.
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4. METHOD OF SOLUTION

Through a machine-portable utility that emulates the basic features of the CDC UPDATE processor, the user selects one of eight codes for running on a machine of one of four (at least) major vendors. With the ITS-3.0 release the PSR-0245/UPEML package is included to perform these functions. The ease with which this utility is applied combines with an input scheme based on order-independent descriptive keywords that makes maximum use of defaults and internal error checking to provide experimentalists and theorists alike with a method for the routine but rigorous solution of sophisticated radiation transport problems. Physical rigor is maximized by employing the best available cross sections and sampling distributions, and the most complete physical  model for describing the production and transport of the electron/ photon cascade from 1.0 GeV down to 1.0 keV. Flexibility of construction permits the codes to be tailored to specific applications and the capabilities of the codes to be extended to more complex applications through update procedures.
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5. RESTRICTIONS ON THE COMPLEXITY OF THE PROBLEM

Restrictions and/or  limitations for ITS depend upon the local operating system.
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6. TYPICAL RUNNING TIME

With the supplied sample problems, the following lists the CPU time  on the IBM 3033: TIGER 9 minutes; TIGERP 11 minutes; TIGERPH 3 minutes; CYLTRAN 12 minutes; CYLTRANM1 12 minutes; CYLTRANM2 13 minutes; CYLTRANP 14 minutes; ACCEPT 16 minutes; ACCEPTH 3 minutes; ACCEPTM 18 minutes; ACCEPTP 17 minutes;
CCC-0467/09
The cross-section generating programs XGEN & XGENP and  the sample problems of the ITS modules were executed at the NEA/DB in a PC-Brett, Pentium processor of 75 MHz with base memory 640 Kbyte and extended memory 16 MByte. The execution times are displayed in the following table.

                ----------------------------------------

                |   ITS Module name  | EXECUTION TIMES |

                |                    |------------------

                |                    |   10K stories   |

                |---------------------------------------

                |      TIGER         |       528       |

                |      TIGERP        |       701       |

                |      CYLTRAN       |       766       |

                |      CYLTRANP      |       851       |

                |      CYLTRANM      |       800       |

                |      ACCEPT        |      1015       |

                |      ACCEPTP       |      1159       |

                |      ACCEPTM       |      1185       |

                |---------------------------------------



The 10,000 history sample problems required the following times on an 80486DX-33 PC (history tracking only -- excludes the time spent loading code and data) are:



                 Code     Seconds     Minutes

                --------  -------     -------

                TIGER       2222       37.0

                TIGERP      2663       44.4

                CYLTRAN     3083       51.4

                CYLTRANP    3374       56.2

                ACCEPT      3916       65.3

                ACCEPTP     4178       69.6

                CYLTRANM    3058       51.0

                ACCEPTM     4944       82.4

                TIGERPH      616       10.3

                ACCEPTPH    1022       17.0

                CYLTRNM2    4300       71.7



The run times for an 80386DX-20 PC (with coprocessor) would be about five times longer. The run times reported by RSICfor an IBM 3033 mainframe are about a factor of four less.
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7. UNUSUAL FEATURES OF THE PROGRAM:
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8. RELATED AND AUXILIARY PROGRAMS:
UPEML: A machine portable CDC UPDATE emulator.
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9. STATUS
Package ID Status date Status
CCC-0467/09 05-FEB-1996 Tested at NEADB
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10. REFERENCES

- G.T. Mei:
  Beta/Gamma Test Problems for ITS (Integrated Tiger Series)
  CONF-9304128--8 (1993)
  (Availability: INIS; OSTI as DE93013522; NTIS; US Govt. Printing
  Office Dep.)
- S. Brassier:
  Parallelisation de codes de transport de particules de type Monte
  Carlo
  Rapport de Stage de D.E.A. de Mathematiques Appliquees
  CISI/RSO/DSS/94T024, CISI/STAGE/RS/005 V1.0 (15 Juin 1994).
CCC-0467/09, included references:
- J.A. Halbleib:
  MTAX Notification Letter
  (October 28, 1993).
- J.A. Halbleib and al:
  ITS Version 3.0: The Integrated TIGER Series of Coupled Electron/
  Photon Monte Carlo Transport Codes
  SAND91-1634 (March 1992).
- B.L. Kirk:
  IBM User's Guide to CCC-467/ITS Version 2.1
  Informal Report (February 1988).
- T. Jordan:
  ITS, PC Version, README.EMP
  (September 1992).
- B.L. Kirk:
  README for RISC Workstations
  (April 1992).
- J. Clifford, Titan Corp.:
  Informal Notes, Using the PC Version of ITS
  (February 1994).
- T.A. Mehlhorn and T.A. Haill:
  UPEML Version 3.0: A Machine-Portable CDC Update Emulator
  SAND92-0073, UC-705 (April 1992).
- Enrico Sartori:
  NDB/94/1019 Circular Letter to all Recipients of ITS-3.0
  (13 September, 1994)
- J.A. Halbleib:
  94/L/1033 letter to B. Kirk (12 August, 1994)
- S. Brassier:
  Parellelisation de codes de transport de particules de
  type Monte-Carlo
  CISI/RSO/DSS/94T024, CISI/STAGE/RS/0005 V1.0
  (15 June 1994) (in French)
- J.A. Halbleib, T.A. Mehlhorn and R.P. Kensek:
  Version 2.1 of ITS, Sandia Laboratories Memo
  (December 11, 1987)
- J.A. Halbleib, T.A. Mehlhorn and R.P. Kensek:
  Version 2.0 of ITS, Sandia National Laboratories Memo
  (April 29, 1987)
- J.A. Halbleib and T.A. Mehlhorn:
  ITS; The Integrated TIGER Series of Coupled Electron/
  Photon Monte Carlo Transport Codes
  SAND 84-0573 (November 1984)
- Harwell Subroutine Library Specification:
  Addendum - information on replacement random number
  generator if IMSL not available
  FA01AS (6 February 1981)
- T.A. Mehlhorn:
  Memo to All UPEML Version 2.0 Users
  (January 26, 1988)
- T.A. Mehlhorn and M.F. Young
  UPEML Version 2.0: A Machine-Portable CDC Update Emulator
  SAND87-0679 (August 1987)
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11. MACHINE REQUIREMENTS

ITS is operable on the CRAY, CDC CYBER-76, IBM-3081, VAX, or the CRAY-1 computers. A total of about 9 megabytes of hard disk is needed to install ITS-3.0. The PC package (Version 2.1) includes both DOS and O.S2 versions. The executables for the DOS versions of ITS will run only on an 80836 computer with an 80387 coprocessor and about 4 Mbytes of memory. These versions run in protected mode using a DOS extender. The executables for the O/S2 versions of ITS will run on either 80286 or 80386 under O.S2 and probably require around 4 Mbytes of memory.
CCC-0467/09
The ITS code package Version 3.0 was installed and run  at the NEA/DB on a PC-Brett Pentium processor of 75 MHz with a base  memory of 640 Kbyte and extended memory of 16 MByte; the executable  files of the ITS modules were created using the Lahey compiler system (Version 5.20) including the stubloading option at linking time. - DISKSPACE REQUIREMENTS: About 30 MByte of hard disk space are required to install all the files and to run the ITS 3.0 code system. This amount includes the OPL (Old Program Library) files for UPEML, the files generated during the compilation of the executables of ALL the ITS module (source files, executable files and other auxiliary files), the binary libraries and the sample input and output files. - The executable files created at the NEA/DB occupy 4.2 MByte of diskspace. - The original executable files occupy 4.9 MByte of diskspace. - The source file of the Monte Carlo program has a filesize of 0.75 MByte. The source file of the cross-section generating program has a filesize of 0.22 MByte; the corresponding OPL files created by the Updata Emulator processor UPEML occupy 1.7  MByte of diskspace. - The ASCII library file XDATA.DAT of electron and photon cross-section data has a filesize of 3.0 MByte; the corresponding binary libraries XGEN.LIB create by XGEN and XGENP coccupy about 1.5 MByte of diskspace. - The output files from the sample problems occupy about 1.6 MByte of diskspace.
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12. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE(S) USED
Package ID Computer language
CCC-0467/09 FORTRAN-77
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13. OPERATING SYSTEM UNDER WHICH PROGRAM IS EXECUTED

A Fortran 77 compiler is required. The IBM PC executables were created using Lahey Fortran Compiler F77L-EM/32 Version 3.0 and run at least twice as fast as the OS/2 versions/ The OS/2 executables were created with the Microsoft Fortran 5.0 and linker.
CCC-0467/09
The ITS package Version 3.0 was installed and run at the NEA/DB in a PC-Brett (Pentium processor of 75 MHz) running MS-DOS 6.2. The FORTRAN Lahey compiler F77L/EM-32 (Version 5.20) and linker 386LINK (Version 5.1L) were used to compile the source files  and create the executables of the ITS modules.
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14. OTHER PROGRAMMING OR OPERATING INFORMATION OR RESTRICTIONS:
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15. NAME AND ESTABLISHMENT OF AUTHORS

Developed by:      J.A. Halbleib, T.A. Mehlhorn, M.F. Young
                   Sandia National Laboratories
                   Albuquerque, New Mexico, U. S. A.

Contributed by:    Radiation Safety Information Computational Center
                   Oak Ridge National Laboratory
                   Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U. S. A.
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16. MATERIAL AVAILABLE
CCC-0467/09
File name File description Records
CCC0467_09.001 Information package of the package ITS-3.0 1732
CCC0467_09.002 Installation notes on the IBM RISC 6000 WS 184
CCC0467_09.003 Source file of x-section program XGEN 7088
CCC0467_09.004 Source file of Monte Carlo program ITS-3.0 24432
CCC0467_09.005 F77 source of UPEML for UNIX systems & PC's 5709
CCC0467_09.006 F77 source of UPEML for IBM systems 5742
CCC0467_09.007 F77 source of UPEML for Cray systems 5719
CCC0467_09.008 F77 source of UPEML for VMS systems 5738
CCC0467_09.009 VMS Command file to create a new library 24
CCC0467_09.010 VMS Command file to create XGEN.EXE 74
CCC0467_09.011 VMS Command file to create and run ITS.EXE 88
CCC0467_09.012 VMS-job example of an ACCEPT run 1262
CCC0467_09.013 VMS- input file to run the ACCEPTP job 56
CCC0467_09.014 VMS-job example of a XGENP run 808
CCC0467_09.015 ASCII library file to run with VMSXP.JOB 7477
CCC0467_09.016 VMS-input file to run the XGENP job 5
CCC0467_09.017 Makefile to create UPEML.EXE on IBM RISC AIX 7
CCC0467_09.018 ASCII Electron/Photon x-section data file 52286
CCC0467_09.019 Auxiliary F77 source file # 1 100
CCC0467_09.020 Auxiliary F77 source file # 2 4
CCC0467_09.021 Auxiliary F77 source file # 3 93
CCC0467_09.022 Batch file to create the UPEML executable 12
CCC0467_09.023 Batch file to create the XGEN OPL file 9
CCC0467_09.024 Batch file to create the ITS OPL file 9
CCC0467_09.025 Executable file of program UPEML 0
CCC0467_09.026 OPL file of x-section generating prog. XGEN 0
CCC0467_09.027 OPL file of Monte Carlo program ITS 0
CCC0467_09.028 File of directives for the Lahey linker 5
CCC0467_09.029 Input file to run UPEML and create OPL files 1
CCC0467_09.030 Input file to run UPEML in compilation run 1
CCC0467_09.031 Batch file to create XGEN.EXE and run it 36
CCC0467_09.032 File with directives for the Lahey linker 5
CCC0467_09.033 Executable file of program XGEN 0
CCC0467_09.034 Library for use with the base codes 0
CCC0467_09.035 Printout file from the XGEN conversion job 704
CCC0467_09.036 Batch file to create XGENP.EXE and run it 38
CCC0467_09.037 File with directives to the Lahey linker 5
CCC0467_09.038 Executable of program XGENP 0
CCC0467_09.039 Library to run with the P-codes 0
CCC0467_09.040 Printout file from the execution of XGENP 784
CCC0467_09.041 UPEML update input from XGENV3 to XGEN 19
CCC0467_09.042 UPEML update input from XGENV3 to XGENP 38
CCC0467_09.043 UPEML update input, ITSV3 to TIGER 39
CCC0467_09.044 UPEML update input, ITSV3 to TIGERP 40
CCC0467_09.045 UPEML update input, ITSV3 to CYLTRAN 40
CCC0467_09.046 UPEML update input, ITSV3 to CYLTRANP 41
CCC0467_09.047 UPEML update input, ITSV3 to ACCEPT 40
CCC0467_09.048 UPEML update input, ITSV3 to ACCEPTP 41
CCC0467_09.049 UPEML update input, ITSV3 to CYLTRANM 85
CCC0467_09.050 UPEML update input, ITSV3 to ACCEPTM 92
CCC0467_09.051 Auxiliary binary file 0
CCC0467_09.052 Batch file to create and run ITS 32
CCC0467_09.053 Batch file to create and run ITS, 1K stories 32
CCC0467_09.054 Batch file to create and run the 8 codes 8
CCC0467_09.055 Batch file to create & run the 8 codes, 1k 8
CCC0467_09.056 Batch file for a single ITS3 run 10
CCC0467_09.057 Batch file for multiple ITS3 runs 3
CCC0467_09.058 File of directives for the Lahey linker 5
CCC0467_09.059 Executable file of program XGEN 0
CCC0467_09.060 Executable file of program XGENP 0
CCC0467_09.061 Executable file of program TIGER 0
CCC0467_09.062 Executable file of program TIGERP 0
CCC0467_09.063 Executable file of program CYLTRAN 0
CCC0467_09.064 Executable file of program CYLTRANP 0
CCC0467_09.065 Executable file of program CYLTRANM 0
CCC0467_09.066 Executable file of program ACCEPT 0
CCC0467_09.067 Executable file of program ACCEPTP 0
CCC0467_09.068 Executable file of program ACCEPTM 0
CCC0467_09.069 ITS run batch file (Windows background runs) 18
CCC0467_09.070 XGEN & ITS batch file (Windows backg. runs) 26
CCC0467_09.071 File of Lahey runtime errors (Version 5.20) 0
CCC0467_09.072 File of Lahey runtime errors (french, V5.20) 0
CCC0467_09.073 File of Lahey compiler options (Vers. 5.20) 1
CCC0467_09.074 Executable file of program UPEML 0
CCC0467_09.075 Executable file of program XGEN 0
CCC0467_09.076 Executable file of program XGENP 0
CCC0467_09.077 Executable file of program TIGER 0
CCC0467_09.078 Executable file of program TIGERP 0
CCC0467_09.079 Executable file of program CYLTRAN 0
CCC0467_09.080 Executable file of program CYLTRANP 0
CCC0467_09.081 Executable file of program CYLTRANM 0
CCC0467_09.082 Executable file of program ACCEPT 0
CCC0467_09.083 Executable file of program ACCEPTP 0
CCC0467_09.084 Executable file of program ACCEPTM 0
CCC0467_09.085 File of Lahey runtime errors (Version 5.0) 0
CCC0467_09.086 File of Lahey runtime errors (French V5.0) 0
CCC0467_09.087 File of Lahey compiler options (Version 5.0) 1
CCC0467_09.088 XGEN sample problem input 5
CCC0467_09.089 XGENP sample problem input 5
CCC0467_09.090 TIGER sample problem input 35
CCC0467_09.091 TIGERP sample problem input 33
CCC0467_09.092 CYLTRAN sample problem input 35
CCC0467_09.093 CYLTRANP sample problem input 36
CCC0467_09.094 ACCEPT sample problem input 59
CCC0467_09.095 ACCEPTP sample problem input 56
CCC0467_09.096 CYLTRANM sample problem input 38
CCC0467_09.097 ACCEPTM sample problem input 56
CCC0467_09.098 TIGERPH pulse heigh problem 35
CCC0467_09.099 ACCEPTP pulse heigh problem 58
CCC0467_09.100 CYLTRANM second sample problem input 39
CCC0467_09.101 TIGER sample problem input, 1k stories 35
CCC0467_09.102 TIGERP sample problem input, 1k stories 33
CCC0467_09.103 CYLTRAN sample problem input, 1k stories 35
CCC0467_09.104 CYLTRANP sample problem input, 1k stories 36
CCC0467_09.105 ACCEPT sample problem input, 1k stories 59
CCC0467_09.106 ACCEPTP sample problem input, 1k stories 56
CCC0467_09.107 CYLTRANM sample problem input, 1k stories 38
CCC0467_09.108 ACCEPTM sample problem input, 1k stories 56
CCC0467_09.109 XGEN sample problem output 704
CCC0467_09.110 XGENP sample problem output 784
CCC0467_09.111 TIGER sample problem output, 10k stories 668
CCC0467_09.112 TIGERP sample problem output, 10k stories 789
CCC0467_09.113 CYLTRAN sample problem output, 10k stories 1043
CCC0467_09.114 CYLTRANP sample problem output, 10k stories 1257
CCC0467_09.115 ACCEPT sample problem output, 10k stories 985
CCC0467_09.116 ACCEPTP sample problem output, 10k stories 1168
CCC0467_09.117 CYLTRANM sample problem output, 10k stories 1058
CCC0467_09.118 ACCEPTM sample problem output, 10k stories 997
CCC0467_09.119 XGEN sample problem output 704
CCC0467_09.120 XGENP sample problem output 784
CCC0467_09.121 TIGER sample problem output, 10k stories 668
CCC0467_09.122 TIGERP sample problem output, 10k stories 789
CCC0467_09.123 CYLTRAN sample problem output, 10k stories 1043
CCC0467_09.124 CYLTRANP sample problem output, 10k stories 1257
CCC0467_09.125 ACCEPT sample problem output, 10k stories 985
CCC0467_09.126 ACCEPTP sample problem output, 10k stories 1168
CCC0467_09.127 CYLTRANM sample problem output, 10k stories 1058
CCC0467_09.128 ACCEPTM sample problem output, 10k stories 997
CCC0467_09.129 TIGER pulse height problem, 10k stories 803
CCC0467_09.130 ACCEPTP pulse height problem, 10k stories 1182
CCC0467_09.131 CYLTRANM second sample problem, 10k stories 1059
CCC0467_09.132 TIGER sample problem output, 1k stories 668
CCC0467_09.133 TIGERP sample problem output, 1k stories 789
CCC0467_09.134 CYLTRAN sample problem output, 1k stories 1043
CCC0467_09.135 CYLTRANP sample problem output, 1k stories 1257
CCC0467_09.136 ACCEPT sample problem output, 1k stories 985
CCC0467_09.137 ACCEPTP sample problem output, 1k stories 1168
CCC0467_09.138 CYLTRANM sample problem output, 1k stories 1058
CCC0467_09.139 ACCEPTM sample problem output, 1k stories 997
CCC0467_09.140 TIGER sample problem output, 1k stories 668
CCC0467_09.141 TIGERP sample problem output, 1k stories 789
CCC0467_09.142 CYLTRAN sample problem output, 1k stories 1043
CCC0467_09.143 CYLTRANP sample problem output, 1k stories 1257
CCC0467_09.144 ACCEPT sample problem output, 1k stories 985
CCC0467_09.145 ACCEPTP sample problem output, 1k stories 1168
CCC0467_09.146 CYLTRANM sample problem output, 1k stories 1058
CCC0467_09.147 ACCEPTM sample problem output, 1k stories 1009
CCC0467_09.148 Fix in timing routine to run ITS in IBM RISC 21
CCC0467_09.149 Fix to run ITS in Sun UNIX Workstations 44
CCC0467_09.150 Fix to run XGENP in VMS systems 19
CCC0467_09.151 Fix to run ACCEPTP in VMS systems 38
CCC0467_09.152 Fix to run XGEN in IBM RISC/6000 Workstation 2
CCC0467_09.153 Fix to run XGENP in IBM RISC/6000 Workstati. 19
CCC0467_09.154 Fix to run TIGER in IBM RISC/6000 Workstati. 25
CCC0467_09.155 Fix to run TIGERP in IBM RISC/6000 Workstat. 26
CCC0467_09.156 Fix to run TIGERP in IBM RISC/6000 Workstat. 27
CCC0467_09.157 Fix to run CYLTRAN in IBM RISC/6000 Worksta. 25
CCC0467_09.158 Fix to run CYLTRANM in IBM RISC/6000 Workst. 58
CCC0467_09.159 Fix to run CYLTRANM in IBM RISC/6000 Workst. 58
CCC0467_09.160 Fix to run CYLTRANP in IBM RISC/6000 Workst. 26
CCC0467_09.161 Fix to run ACCEPT in IBM RISC/6000 Workstat. 26
CCC0467_09.162 Fix to run ACCEPT in IBM RISC/6000 Workstat. 52
CCC0467_09.163 Fix to run ACCEPTM in IBM RISC/6000 Worksta. 53
CCC0467_09.164 Fix to run ACCEPTp in IBM RISC/6000 Worksta. 59
CCC0467_09.165 Sample input file to run XGEN 5
CCC0467_09.166 Sample input file to run XGENP 5
CCC0467_09.167 Sample input file to run TIGER 35
CCC0467_09.168 Sample input file to run TIGERP 33
CCC0467_09.169 Sample input file to run TIGERP 35
CCC0467_09.170 Sample input file to run CYLTRAN 35
CCC0467_09.171 Sample input file to run CYLTRANP 36
CCC0467_09.172 Sample input file to run CYLTRANM 37
CCC0467_09.173 Sample input file to run CYLTRANM 38
CCC0467_09.174 Sample input file to run ACCEPT 59
CCC0467_09.175 Sample input file to run ACCEPT 58
CCC0467_09.176 Sample input file to run ACCEPTP 56
CCC0467_09.177 Sample input file to run ACCEPTM 55
CCC0467_09.178 Sample input file to run XGEN (VAX) 14
CCC0467_09.179 Sample input file to run XGENP (VAX) 31
CCC0467_09.180 Sample input file to run TIGER (VAX) 47
CCC0467_09.181 Sample input file to run TIGERP (VAX) 46
CCC0467_09.182 Sample input file to run TIGERP (VAX) 49
CCC0467_09.183 Sample input file to run ACCEPT (VAX) 72
CCC0467_09.184 Sample input file to run ACCEPT (VAX) 97
CCC0467_09.185 Sample input file to run ACCEPTP (VAX) 102
CCC0467_09.186 Sample input file to run ACCEPTM (VAX) 95
CCC0467_09.187 Sample input file # 1 (CYL.UPD+CYL.INP) 47
CCC0467_09.188 Sample input file # 2 (CYLP.UPD+CYLP.INP) 49
CCC0467_09.189 Sample input file # 3 (CYLM1.UPD+CYLM1.INP) 82
CCC0467_09.190 Sample input file # 4 (CYLM2.UPD+CYLM2.INP) 83
CCC0467_09.191 Sample output file (XGEN sample problem) 714
CCC0467_09.192 Sample output file (XGENP sample problem) 794
CCC0467_09.193 Sample output file (TIGER sample problem) 675
CCC0467_09.194 Sample output file (TIGERP sample problem) 796
CCC0467_09.195 Sample output file (TIGERP sample problem) 810
CCC0467_09.196 Sample output file (CYLTRAN sample problem) 1050
CCC0467_09.197 Sample output file (CYLTRANP sample problem) 1264
CCC0467_09.198 Sample output file (CYLTRANM sample problem) 1062
CCC0467_09.199 Sample output file (CYLTRANM sample problem) 1063
CCC0467_09.200 Sample output file (ACCEPT sample problem) 992
CCC0467_09.201 Sample output file (ACCEPT sample problem) 998
CCC0467_09.202 Sample output file (ACCEPTP sample problem) 1175
CCC0467_09.203 Sample output file (ACCEPTM sample problem) 1001
CCC0467_09.204 DOS file-names 56
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17. CATEGORIES
  • J. Gamma Heating and Shield Design

Keywords: Monte Carlo method, cylindrical, electrons, gamma radiation, one-dimensional, photons, shielding, slabs, transport.