NESC1098 TOUGH2, TOUGH
TOUGH, Unsaturated Groundwater Transport and Heat Transport Simulation
NAME OR DESIGNATION OF PROGRAM, COMPUTER, DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM OR FUNCTION, METHOD OF SOLUTION, RESTRICTIONS ON THE COMPLEXITY OF THE PROBLEM, TYPICAL RUNNING TIME, UNUSUAL FEATURES OF THE PROGRAM, RELATED AND AUXILIARY PROGRAMS, STATUS, REFERENCES, MACHINE REQUIREMENTS, LANGUAGE, OPERATING SYSTEM UNDER WHICH PROGRAM IS EXECUTED, OTHER PROGRAMMING OR OPERATING INFORMATION OR RESTRICTIONS, NAME AND ESTABLISHMENT OF AUTHORS, MATERIAL, CATEGORIES
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| Program name | Package id | Status | Status date |
|---|---|---|---|
| TOUGH2-NESC | NESC1098/03 | Tested | 04-MAY-1992 |
Machines used:
| Package ID | Orig. computer | Test computer |
|---|---|---|
| NESC1098/03 | CRAY X-MP | IBM 3090 |
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3. DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM OR FUNCTION
A successor to the TOUGH program, TOUGH2 offers added capabilities and user features, including the flexibility to handle different fluid mixtures (water, water with tracer; water,CO2; water,air; water,air,with vapour pressure lowering, and water,hydrogen), facilities for processing of geometric data (computational grids), and an internal version control system to ensure referenceability of code applications.
TOUGH (Transport of Unsaturated Groundwater and Heat) is a multi-dimensional numerical model for simulating the coupled transport of water, vapor, air, and heat in porous and fractured media. The program provides options for specifying injection or withdrawal of heat and fluids. Although primarily designed for studies of high-level nuclear waste isolation in partially saturated geological media, it should also be useful for a wider range of problems in heat and moisture transfer, and in the drying of porous materials. For example, geothermal reservoir simulation problems can be handled simply by setting the air mass function equal to zero on input. The TOUGH simulator was developed for problems involving strongly heat-driven flow. To describe these phenomena a multi-phase approach to fluid and heat flow is used, which fully accounts for the movement of gaseous and liquid phases, their transport of latent transitions between liquid and vapor. TOUGH takes account of fluid flow in both liquid and gaseous phases occurring under pressure, viscous, and gravity forces according to Darcy's law. Interference between the phases is represented by means of relative permeability functions. The code handles binary, but not Knudsen, diffusion in the gas phase and capillary and phase absorption effects for the liquid phase. Heat transport occurs by means of conduction with thermal conductivity dependent on water saturation, convection, and binary diffusion, which includes both sensible and latent heat.
A successor to the TOUGH program, TOUGH2 offers added capabilities and user features, including the flexibility to handle different fluid mixtures (water, water with tracer; water,CO2; water,air; water,air,with vapour pressure lowering, and water,hydrogen), facilities for processing of geometric data (computational grids), and an internal version control system to ensure referenceability of code applications.
TOUGH (Transport of Unsaturated Groundwater and Heat) is a multi-dimensional numerical model for simulating the coupled transport of water, vapor, air, and heat in porous and fractured media. The program provides options for specifying injection or withdrawal of heat and fluids. Although primarily designed for studies of high-level nuclear waste isolation in partially saturated geological media, it should also be useful for a wider range of problems in heat and moisture transfer, and in the drying of porous materials. For example, geothermal reservoir simulation problems can be handled simply by setting the air mass function equal to zero on input. The TOUGH simulator was developed for problems involving strongly heat-driven flow. To describe these phenomena a multi-phase approach to fluid and heat flow is used, which fully accounts for the movement of gaseous and liquid phases, their transport of latent transitions between liquid and vapor. TOUGH takes account of fluid flow in both liquid and gaseous phases occurring under pressure, viscous, and gravity forces according to Darcy's law. Interference between the phases is represented by means of relative permeability functions. The code handles binary, but not Knudsen, diffusion in the gas phase and capillary and phase absorption effects for the liquid phase. Heat transport occurs by means of conduction with thermal conductivity dependent on water saturation, convection, and binary diffusion, which includes both sensible and latent heat.
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4. METHOD OF SOLUTION
All thermophysical properties of liquid water and vapor are obtained from steam table equations, as given by the International Formulation Committee, 1967. Air is treated as an ideal gas, and additivity of partial pressures is assumed for air/vapor mixtures. The viscosity of these mixtures is computed by a formulation given by Hirschfelder et al., but using steam table values instead of approximations from kinetic gas theory for vapor viscosity. Air dissolution in water is represented by Henry's law. The basic mass- and energy-balance equations are written in integral form for an arbitrary flow domain. The continuum equations are discretized in space using the "integral finite difference" method. Time is discretized fully implicitly as a first-order finite difference to obtain the needed numerical stability for an efficient calculation of multi-phase flow. The resulting set of algebraic equations are strongly coupled and highly nonlinear. A completely simultaneous solution of the discretized mass- and energy-balance equations is performed taking all coupling terms into account. The nonlinearities are handled by Newton-Raphson iteration. The discretized equations are valid for one-, two-, or three-dimensional regular and irregular geometries and for porous as well as fractured media.
All thermophysical properties of liquid water and vapor are obtained from steam table equations, as given by the International Formulation Committee, 1967. Air is treated as an ideal gas, and additivity of partial pressures is assumed for air/vapor mixtures. The viscosity of these mixtures is computed by a formulation given by Hirschfelder et al., but using steam table values instead of approximations from kinetic gas theory for vapor viscosity. Air dissolution in water is represented by Henry's law. The basic mass- and energy-balance equations are written in integral form for an arbitrary flow domain. The continuum equations are discretized in space using the "integral finite difference" method. Time is discretized fully implicitly as a first-order finite difference to obtain the needed numerical stability for an efficient calculation of multi-phase flow. The resulting set of algebraic equations are strongly coupled and highly nonlinear. A completely simultaneous solution of the discretized mass- and energy-balance equations is performed taking all coupling terms into account. The nonlinearities are handled by Newton-Raphson iteration. The discretized equations are valid for one-, two-, or three-dimensional regular and irregular geometries and for porous as well as fractured media.
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5. RESTRICTIONS ON THE COMPLEXITY OF THE PROBLEM
Maxima of -
500 grid blocks
27 reservoir domains
8 relative permeability functions
7 capillary pressure functions
No allowance is made for vapor pressure lowering or for hysteresis in either capillary pressure or relative permeability. TOUGH does not perform stress calculations for the solid skeleton, but does allow for porosity changes in response to changes in pore pressure (compressibility) and temperature (expansivity).
Maxima of -
500 grid blocks
27 reservoir domains
8 relative permeability functions
7 capillary pressure functions
No allowance is made for vapor pressure lowering or for hysteresis in either capillary pressure or relative permeability. TOUGH does not perform stress calculations for the solid skeleton, but does allow for porosity changes in response to changes in pore pressure (compressibility) and temperature (expansivity).
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6. TYPICAL RUNNING TIME
The longest running sample problem requires 3 CP minutes on a Cray X-MP/14 (TOUGH2), 2 CPU hours on a SUN3 (TOUGH) with SUN Floating-Point Accelerator, and 1.3 CPU hours on a DEC VAX6220.
The longest running sample problem requires 3 CP minutes on a Cray X-MP/14 (TOUGH2), 2 CPU hours on a SUN3 (TOUGH) with SUN Floating-Point Accelerator, and 1.3 CPU hours on a DEC VAX6220.
NESC1098/03
NEA-DB compiled the program on an IBM 3090 computer and ran the test cases included in this package. For execution, the following CPU times were required: SAM1-EOS3: 2 secs; SAM1-EOS5: 2secs; RHP-EOS3: 4 min 30 secs; RHP-EOS4: 5 min 17 secs; RVF-EOS1: 3
secs; RFP-EOS1: 1 min 30 secs; RFP-EOS2: 2 min 12 secs.
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7. UNUSUAL FEATURES OF THE PROGRAM
A library of the most commonly used capillary pressure and relative permeability functions is provided in the TOUGH source; values are selected by means of input data. Additional functions may be used by adding the necessary FORTRAN code to the appropriate subroutines.
A library of the most commonly used capillary pressure and relative permeability functions is provided in the TOUGH source; values are selected by means of input data. Additional functions may be used by adding the necessary FORTRAN code to the appropriate subroutines.
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8. RELATED AND AUXILIARY PROGRAMS
TOUGH and TOUGH2 belong to the MULKOM family of multi-phase, multi-component codes, developed at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory primarily for geothermal reservoir applications. TOUGH2 includes a number of fluid property modules (also referred to as equation-of-state or EOS modules). The formulation of the TOUGH governing equations is analogous to the multi-phase treatment customarily used in geothermal reservoir simulators, such as SHAFT79 (NESC 893).
TOUGH and TOUGH2 belong to the MULKOM family of multi-phase, multi-component codes, developed at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory primarily for geothermal reservoir applications. TOUGH2 includes a number of fluid property modules (also referred to as equation-of-state or EOS modules). The formulation of the TOUGH governing equations is analogous to the multi-phase treatment customarily used in geothermal reservoir simulators, such as SHAFT79 (NESC 893).
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10. REFERENCES
- TOUGH, NESC No. 1098.SUN, TOUGH SUN Version Tape Description and
Sample Problem Output
NESC 91-01 (October 2, 1990).
- TOUGH, NESC No. 1098.SUN, TOUGH SUN Version Tape Description and
Sample Problem Output
NESC 91-01 (October 2, 1990).
NESC1098/03, included references:
- Karsten Pruess:TOUGH2 - A General-Purpose Numerical Simulator for Multiphase
Fluid and Heat Flow
LBL-29400, UC-251 (May 1991).
- Karsten Pruess:
TOUGH User's Guide
NUREG/CR-4645 (SAND86-7104), (June 1987).
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11. MACHINE REQUIREMENTS
1.3 Mwords of memory are required on a Cray X-MP/14 and 2 Mbytes on a DEC VAX6220.
1.3 Mwords of memory are required on a Cray X-MP/14 and 2 Mbytes on a DEC VAX6220.
NESC1098/03
All sample cases ran on IBM 3090 in less than 4 MB of main storage.[ top ]
13. OPERATING SYSTEM UNDER WHICH PROGRAM IS EXECUTED: UNICOS (Cray), UNIX 4.2 (SUN), VMS 4.6, 5.2 (DEC VAX).
NESC1098/03
MVS/XA (IBM 3090).[ top ]
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NESC1098/03
| File name | File description | Records |
|---|---|---|
| NESC1098_03.001 | Information file | 85 |
| NESC1098_03.002 | Machine-readable documentation (by author) | 182 |
| NESC1098_03.003 | JCL and control information (NEADB) | 138 |
| NESC1098_03.004 | TOUGH2 FORTRAN source program | 8405 |
| NESC1098_03.005 | EOS 1 Subrout. for water or 2 waters | 1099 |
| NESC1098_03.006 | EOS 2 Subrout. for water/CO2 mixtures | 1187 |
| NESC1098_03.007 | EOS 3 Subroutine for water/air | 1131 |
| NESC1098_03.008 | EOS 4 Subrout.for water/air with vapor pres. | 1384 |
| NESC1098_03.009 | EOS 5 Subrout.for water/hydrogen | 1135 |
| NESC1098_03.010 | SAM1 sample problem 1 code demonstration | 84 |
| NESC1098_03.011 | RHP samp prob 2 heat pipe in cyl. geometry | 40 |
| NESC1098_03.012 | RVF sam. prob 3 heat sweep in a vert. fract. | 31 |
| NESC1098_03.013 | RVF sam. prob 3 heat sweep etc. (NEADB) | 29 |
| NESC1098_03.014 | RFP sam. prob 4 5-spot geoth. prod/injection | 128 |
| NESC1098_03.015 | SAM1 S.P. 1 output (EOS3) | 826 |
| NESC1098_03.016 | SAM1 S.P. 1 output (EOS5) | 813 |
| NESC1098_03.017 | RHP S.P. 2 output (EOS3) | 1708 |
| NESC1098_03.018 | RHP S.P. 2 output (EOS4) | 1625 |
| NESC1098_03.019 | RVF1 S.P. 3 output (EOS1) (by author) | 156 |
| NESC1098_03.020 | RVF2 S.P. 3 output (EOS1) (by author) | 236 |
| NESC1098_03.021 | RVF3 S.P. 3 output (EOS1) (by author) | 567 |
| NESC1098_03.022 | RVF S.P. 3 output (EOS1) (NEADB) | 495 |
| NESC1098_03.023 | RFP S.P. 4 output (EOS1) | 1038 |
| NESC1098_03.024 | RFP S.P. 4 output (EOS2) | 1238 |
Keywords: finite difference method, geothermal systems, multiphase flow.